Pediatria pre prax 3/2026

Light, circadian rhythms, and health of children – practical relevance for pediatric practice

Light is an important environmental factor that regulates sleep, metabolism, mental health, and ocular development through the circadian system. These mechanisms are particularly relevant during childhood and adolescence, when growth, neurodevelopment, and physiological regulatory systems are still developing. A key role in mediating the non-visual effects of light is played by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin, which transmit information about light intensity and spectral composition to the central biological clock. Insufficient daytime exposure to natural light, prolonged indoor stay under low-intensity illumination, and evening use of digital devices may contribute to circadian desynchronization, impaired sleep quality, and subsequent metabolic, neurocognitive, and psychological consequences. Daylight exposure is also closely associated with the prevention of myopia, although the mechanisms underlying this protective effect remain under investigation. This review summarizes current knowledge on the biological effects of light in childhood, evaluates the strength of available evidence, and highlights its practical relevance for pediatric practice. Particular attention is given to light and sleep habits as part of preventive history taking in children with sleep problems, daytime fatigue, attention difficulties, obesity, mental health symptoms, or progression of myopia. The article emphasizes adequate daytime exposure to natural light, a regular sleep schedule, and limiting evening exposure to digital technologies as simple non-pharmacological measures that may support the health and well-being of children and adolescents.

Keywords: light, circadian rhythms, melatonin, sleep, myopia, digital technologies