Onkológia 2/2026
Current immunotherapy options for metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Despite advances in diagnostics and systemic treatment, metastatic urothelial carcinoma remains an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis and limited long-term disease control. The high mutational load and immunologically active tumor microenvironment have supported the establishment of immunotherapy, especially PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, as an important part of treatment algorithms, while further advances have been made by combination strategies with chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Open questions remain regarding optimal treatment sequencing, identification of predictive biomarkers, duration of immunotherapy administration, and management of immune-mediated adverse events, as well as the implementation of clinical trial results into real-world clinical practice. The results of recent clinical trials require updating recommendations for first-line treatment and the entire treatment algorithm.
Keywords: metastatic urothelial carcinoma, immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors
